Silent Film Music Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Silent choose harmony - Essay ExampleAs many composers say, make-up music is like using all your skills to bring out what you ar thinking, feeling and have in mind, to expose your bare soul the moment of the situation you are composing for. So, music creates emotions that we are already capable of feeling, it is enjoyable and makes us feel nifty and sometimes makes us want to dance and that is found on a biology theory. Also, music can relate with mathematics as many philosophers said. Music is everywhere, in radios, CDs, mental pictures/movies. As people know, films without sound are not understandable. This is the reason why back in the early long time of films, the producers soon decided to connect their pictures, movements and ideas with sound. Silent films began to have more meaning finished with(predicate) them. The 1920s, stands out of the history because of the radical changes that America underwent. In that decade, America, while being one of the wealthiest countrie s, had the resources to evolve in almost every field and therefore many effective changes in fashion, hairstyles, entertainment and music are recognized. Therefore, all films during that period were acknowledged from the wide public as one of the most powerful factors of the coetaneous life. At the beginning of that time, it was found from the industry that the ordinaryity could help with propagate to itself the relative for arts of music. During the influential years of the Silent Films, the musical accompaniment was reinforced by a pianist striking a unmelodious mechanical instrument, with the same loud tunes and melodies in the ears of someone, whether the screen showed a romantic scene of two lovers snuggling or a villain threatening an innocent civilian. But during the 1920s all this had been changed when large images began to circulate with a specially prepared effective score. Major film industries presented the known deluxe shows with symphony orchestras to accompany film s only when also involved short presentations on stage in the context of full scale unpaid programs which often included actors, singers or a variety of show acts. In the early 1920s, Jazz command the background music on films, but regularly films with variety in their music gave the opportunity for popular jazz mitigated by the classical music, both accompanied by the film as donation of extra entertainment acts. Many of the best musicians in the country were now playing in film houses and in some theatres the cost of music was the third than the total operating theatre cost. Discerning business community searching to optimize cost-effective modalities for the provision of musical background for the films were the motivating power behind the entrance of the organ pipe accompaniment. Pipe Organs that were installed in Churches were changed to respond to the requirements of the film theatres by adding tremolo effects. 2. Silent Film Music Where words fail, music speaks, and wit hout music, life is just like a journey through a desert. (Anderson, 2008) The beauty of music is found in every soul as everyone can appreciate good music. Music regulates our moods and leads to a healthy life. Music is soothing and music is something to which every ear responds. It is proved through a research that the rate of heart beat changes when music is turned on (What is Music, 2004). It

Organisational behaviour Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Organisational behaviour - Essay workoutApp arntly, an organization needs air managers that score their duties at different places in the organization. This ensures there is coordination and execution of all told activities is d 1 at the right time. Line managers stool a direct impact on the surgery of an organization. This is due to their management roles that are involved in production in the organization. For example, the line managers have a role to play in getting all the in intrusts that testament be used in an organization. hoard such inputs has direct effects on the production in the organization. In addition to this, the line managers have to ensure all these inputs are well taken care of while in the organization. If these inputs are misused, the managers will be blamed for such a mishap. Therefore, they should consider taking responsibility on the inputs that are put in the organization. Secondly, managers have to ensure the outputs in an organization are delivered to the stipulated places (Beardwell and Claydon, 2007 16). The outputs of an organization are steadfast in revenue collection. Therefore, when the outputs are given ultimate care, they are likely to increase the revenue of an organization. For example, when the outputs of the organization are collectively relayed to the stipulated places, the organization is not likely to lose any amount of cash. ... In many instances, internet of an organization reduce drastically due to irresponsible line managers. As such, the organization will permit losses which are as a result of irresponsible line managers. Organizational culture is superstar aspect that should be given utter respect in an organization. This states the daily routine of an organization which is go byed from one generation of line managers to another. The organizational culture of an organizational is an arrangement that states the values and concepts that are respected in the organization. These values explain a lot in te rms of organizational performance (Parker, 2005 21). Therefore line managers have to ensure they give the best in regard to culture. For example, the line managers have to ensure they pass the organizational culture and values to new employees. For example, john Lewis is a retailer that has been in the market for a long time. The retailer has the cultural value of giving high role products to the market. This is a cultural musing that should be passed in the next generation. Since its inception in the 1800s, the retailer has continued to offer high select products. This states that the organization has been steadfast in sprouting its organizational culture which is offering high quality products and services. though the line managers and other employees change from time to time, the organization still savors the need to offer high quality products to the market. With such activities, the organization is likely to record a positive performance in the market. Line managers have to ensure there is effective communication in an organization. Communication is as vital aspect in any organization that wants to record a positive performance. First,

Chemistry and the Environment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Chemistry and the Environment - Essay ExampleNitrogen and oxygen preponderantly comprise the Earths automated teller machine at approximately 78.1% and 20.9% respectively while there exists tip amounts of certain elements as argon, water dehydration, and carbon dioxide to account for the remaining 1%. Negligible quantities of dust, volcanic ash, and otherwise particulates in solid form ar also present in the atmosphere with the main gases to assist the formation of clouds. In general, Earths atmosphere assumes the role of shielding all living things against the lies harmful ultraviolet (UV) rays. It keeps the temperature balanced within 24 hours as well.At different temperatures, the atmosphere is further subdivided into layers beginning from the Earths surface where troposphere lies between 7 to 14 kms followed by the stratosphere reach the 50-km altitude. This layer is conducive for airplanes due to stability and with increasing temperature, only minimal amount of water vapo r and other components whitethorn be detected whereas the troposphere consists of weather occurrences. The ionosphere, on the other hand, makes less than 0.1% of the total throng of the Earths atmosphere and the suns expertness is radiates at its fullest on this layer so that ionization takes place and molecules split as they undergo the process of gaining or losing electrons. (2) Explain what constitutes a dandy render. Evaluate the social value of fogey and option fuels and the use of unleaded petrol. What are the sources of pollutants from fuel electrocution and what impact do they (COx, SOx, NOx and O3) have on the environment? Essentially, a good fuel moldiness be one that releases heat energy in huge amount when burnt besides the attributes of existence less hazardous when used and stored. If the fuel is good, it would be least likely to generate toxic substances or pollutants with unpleasant odor in the environment and between renewable and non-renewable energy resourc es, renewable energy resources essay to be the chief source of good fuel. Algae- base biofuels for instance may constitute a renewable alternative fuel used extensively in generating electricity. Aside from the renewably extracted geothermal energy, biomass, hydroelectric energy, solar, and wind powers, good fuel alternatives are also available as bioalcohols, ammonia, vegetable oil, hydrogen, non-fossil methane and natural gas. This approach with more secure options may be perceived to remedy issues with health and environmental impact depending upon the number of industries that prefer usage of energy from a renewable source. The fact that It normally takes nearly 700 million years to produce fossil fuels unwrap of decaying plant and animal matters fossilized upon exposure to extreme levels of heat and pressure establishes the social value of fossil fuels which pertain to fuels formed out of the organic remains of prehistoric plants and animals that undergo natural process of a naerobiotic decomposition and these fuels are chiefly comprised in coal, gas, and oil. Besides being a flexible non-renewable energy source, based on their structure, depositional environment, and thermal reactions, fossil fuels reflect the social relevance of drawing a potential haul due to the fact that most of worlds reserves of oil and natural gas make from deformed rocks whereas a great quantity of coal may be derived from sedimentary rock layers that do not undergo deformation. By combustion or fuel evaporation, mobile sources that pollute the air are either on-road sources or non-road sources. On-road or highway sources pertain to vehicles used on roads for transportation of passengers or freight such as light-duty vehicles (LDVs), heavy-duty

Criminology Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Criminology - Research Paper ExampleHowever, he was bullied by wealthy children in his church. Cho is exposit as someone who was sullen and aloof (Biography.com, 2012). He was a loner. He referred to himself as Question visage and he was known to write gruesome stories, poems and plays (Biography.com, 2012). Professors of Cho noticed that Chos behavior was not normal. He was set forth as a bully by one of his professors. He photographed the legs and knees of his female classmates. Moreover, in 2005 he was impeach twice for stalking female students. Several times Cho had been advised to get counsellor because of his odd behaviors. He had been brought in a psychiatric hospital but later released to be an outpatient. He attended a counseling session at Cook Counseling Center once. Some Korean youths who knew Cho said that he is a fan of violent video games, specifically, Counterstrike which was a game of terrorism where players try to shell each other down with different types of guns (Watson, 2007). Lucinda Roy, chair of the English Department at Virginia Tech set forth Cho as appearing to be very depressed (Goldstein, 2009). Roy went on further to say that she learned that Cho visited the counseling center of the school three times but there was no meaningful diagnosis. 2. Agnews assembly line Theory Robert Agnews dividing line theory is a revision of the earlier melodic line theories developed. Whereas the general poke out theories are focused on the detrimental aspects of the social relationship of individuals and how it affects their tendency to commit crime, Agnews hand theory presented major types of deviance-producing cable (OConnor, 2007). The first type of strain is the failure to achieve overconfidently value goals. The positively valued goals according to Agnew are money, status and respect and autonomy (criminology.fsu.edu, n.d.). The second type of strain is the removal of positively-valued stimuli. According to Agnew this happens whe n a dramatic change of loss happens such as a finish in the family which could be very stressful to an individual (OConnor, 2007). The confrontation with negative stimuli is the third type of strain. These negative stimuli may include peer pressure and child abuse (OConnor, 2007). According to Agnew, All manner of positive stimuli previously experience or observed constitute expected goals, and their frustration leads to anger, resentment, rage, dissatisfaction, disappointment, and unhappiness--that is, all the emotions customarily associated with strain in criminology (OConnor, 2007). One of the strengths of Agnews strain theory is that it argued that no one specific type of strain contributes to the criminal act of a person rather it is a combination of all the strains that the person has experienced (Agnew, 2001). Another strength of Agnews theory is that it proposed a solution in how battalion can oppose to the strains positively. One major weakness of Agnews strain theory is that it did not state which among the strains is more in all probability to cause criminal behavior among individuals (Agnew, 2001). Moreover, the theory did not offer an explanation why other people exposed to the strains that Agnew mentioned did not become criminals. The theory gave too much emphasis on ones social status as a having a huge impact on an individuals deviant behavior. A crime offender whose actions may be explained by the Agnew strain theory may be assisted by helping them to positively cope

Criminal Justice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 10

Criminal nicety - Essay ExampleHowever, the exacting of the inmates freedoms, liberties and choices must be balanced, so that the social or public order is not disturbed. The public order is the prison house the inmate is serving in. It is in the enliven of social order that every inmate is to be accorded treatment or checkup forethought, as a way of upholding the US civil rights, justice and social order. However, room is left for inmates to exercise choice. Nevertheless, the declining of medical direction is seen to contravene public order in the event that the patients medical condition tumble the sack affect social order. Mental illness, communicable diseases and urgent and important vaccines to an outbreak are some of the conditions which may directly affect public order.The crux of the matter above is that if the inmate is not accorded medical financial aid when he is in any of the three conditions above, he is likely to endanger the lives and health of other inmates a nd prison staff as well. Therefore, the exacting of forceful treatment will be being done for the untroubled of the inmate, the rest of the inmates, the prison staff and US (or state) interests.It must also be remembered from the outset that life belongs to the state. Because of this, declining medical attention to a point where the life of the inmate may be in danger is resembling to and amounts to breaching public order. No one has a right to take his life, even if it is by resisting medical attention.The two polarities (individual rights and public order) can be balanced by passing a legal injunction which would give prison authorities the power to administer treatment to particular medical conditions, if the inmate resisted. Some of these specific medical conditions that would bestow power on prison authorities include the refusal to receive medical attention because of mental derangement or psychological

Heritage Management and Eco Tourism in the UK and China Dissertation

Heritage Management and Eco Tourism in the UK and China - Dissertation ExampleThe evidence for this added requirement of coordination and cooperation between diverse organizations and stakeholders has arisen due to the expansion in global as well as domestic tourism general. With the advent of globalization and liberalization and the opening up of world economies, there has been a rise in the incomes as well as expenditure on entertainment and travel (Martha, 2008). more and more people have started to travel, both within their countries and in foreign destinations, in order to throw away their holidays or even to conduct business. Cultural inheritance sites have become important tourist draws worldwide and have often become a source of high revenue for the destination country. For example, in the subject field of several European countries like Italy, Spain and France, their rich cultural heritage has been restored, packaged and promoted as tourist attraction that inspires mil lions of people to visit and bring foreign exchange to these countries (Tuohino and Hynonen, 2001). The influx of tourists adds pressure on the cultural heritage management and preservation, and hence requires the combined services and efforts of diverse organizations ranging from -

Culture critique of dominant economic narrative assignment Essay

grow critique of dominant economic narrative assignment - Essay ExampleIn the plot summary, Norma Rae, a single parent of two, works in a textile milling company. Incidentally, she works in a company where all of her family members and fellows are also employed. The workings conditions are more than just terrible the aura is hot, depressing and covered in dust, and jammed with an ear-piercing clang of obsolete equipment. The working conditions are comparatively mental and potentially injurious. Most of all, the benefits do not seem to equate the amount of work carried out by the workers inferior salaries, extended working hours, and marginal health protections. Seen this way, there is indeed a marginalizing and struggling appointment conditions among those belonging to the working class, especially women. The perspective of class in the America possesses a quality that is relatively difficult to pin down. In an unprejudiced and fundamental expression, it is a dominant reality in the unify States. But still, the intricacy and changing aspects of class relations, especially the undercurrents of class brawl, have been touched on by the mass and popular culture in conditions that equally personalize and compress the inconsistencies characteristic in such dealings (Giroux, 1). In other words, the notion of class has been downgraded to expectable methods that signify modes of conceptual shorthand. Apparently, highly potent industries like the Hollywood have taken the part of a no inferior or minimal role in contending with the class-based issues in ways as to deprive them of any societal definition. This turns out to be, for the more or less part, apparent when evaluating how the worlds biggest entertainment industry has described the working class in breeding, culture and civilization. With relatively shrimpy number of exemptions, Hollywoods dealings with the those belonging to the working class and happenings has been portrayed by the kind of reduction ism that operates simply to underpin those myths and moral standards that provide the conceptual foundation for the predating arrangement of social relations (Giroux 2). The form and substance of nearly Hollywood movies, including Norma Rae, that touches on the issue of the working class, especially women, provide the content in plane, superficial illustrations that post nothing regarding the hidden existing reality of the life and skirmish of the working-class. Basically, the representation of the working class life and culture is established within the ideas that weigh in to its concealment (2). Social mobility substitutes class brawl in movies such as Blood brothers, Working Girls, and The Devil Wears Prada. Illustrations of psychosis and short-lived irrationality flourish in movies such as Taxi Driver and Joe. In Norman Rae, there is a subtle exaltation of maleness and a fete of racism and sexism, which provide the description of the plot of the film. Aside from the struggle that Norma gained from belonging to the working class, and working in a rather masculine type of job, there is a racial vexation in the fact that the salaries

Litature Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Litature - Essay warningAmerican Revolution and the declaration of independence play a vital role in the attend to of identity formation and one can find the subterranean interrelation between American belles-lettres and American identity. Technologies and electronic developments affect the reading habit and it also influences the literature in America.American rebirth is often considered as a hopeful movement that visualized America as the real descendent to the great western civilization. metempsychosis which occurred in mid 19th century has paved the way for an overall change in American social as well as literary filed. During the periods of 1800 to 1870, most of the American masterpieces were produced. After a detailed analysis of the history of American literature one can agnize that after renaissance writers in America followed a new style or method of storytelling and versification. The materialization of national spirit is another major characteristic of new American style. Current political and ethnical sphere is filled with the evilness of terrorism and other types of crisis. One can feel that literature should deck or reflect the evilness and futility of terrorism and other regional polarizations.The exponents of transcendentalism have focused in a new culture based on native rudiments or Americans. American specimen of psyche consciousness and actions is the most significant feature of American style. Ralph Waldo Emerson, one of the striking figures in Renaissance literature has given more emphasis on the philosophy of self reliance which represents the need for the individual to check most of all types of social customs and to change ideas by the commonly accepted standards and set of the community. Self- reliance, individualistic power, enthusiastic feelings about the fascination of power, superior human intelligence and the philosophy of action ar visible in American writings during Renaissance period. All

Continuous Quality Improvement Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Continuous Quality Improvement - Research Paper Example2.1.1. Professional lay and transformational model. There is difference between passe-partout model used for health services and transformation model. Sollecito and Johnson (2011, p. 424) notes that, the professional model emphasizes ion the organization and its system. The organization is considered supreme. The professional model advocated for individual responsibility in the service oral communication. The leadership were professionals and a preserve of the few. There was a lot of autonomy and authority was bestowed upon the administration. Similarly, the professionals had the authority over the customer. Plans were to be followed strictly and goals to be accomplished according to the instructions of the institution. Quality assurance was embraced. The transformational model focuses on cultivating the animated organization and changing the perspective so that the betterment is seen as a continuous process. Transformatio nal model recognizes the society of every stakeholders to overwhelm the professional, the management the health workers and some(prenominal) internal and external clients. Many aspects of the service delivery are considered subject to improvement. The improvements are made continually using scientific methods. The transformational model ensured the responsibility is divided between the individuals, the leaders and the healthcare employees. Employees were trained to become leaders and engaged leadership skills at all levels. The value of the outcome was emphasized to encourage participation and fine carrying into action. Decision making is shared to include the healthcare workers and the patients opinion. Unlike in professional model where performance is retrospective, performance in transformational... The transformational model focuses on cultivating the existing organization and changing the perspective so that the improvement is seen as a continuous process. The transforma tional model recognizes the participation of all stakeholders to include the professional, the management the health workers and both internal and external clients. Many aspects of the service delivery are considered subject to improvement. The improvements are made continually using scientific methods. The transformational model ensured the responsibility is shared between the individuals, the leaders, and the healthcare employees. Employees were trained to become leaders and engaged leadership skills at all levels. The value of the outcome was emphasized to encourage participation and excellent performance. Decision-making is shared to include the healthcare workers and the patients opinion. Unlike in professional model where performance is retrospective, performance in the transformational model is enhanced on an appraisal. Continuous improvement is further as planning is made flexible. The transformational model emphasizes on service that will impress and surpass the foretaste of the patient. The success of work is considered accomplished if the needs of the patients have been addressed satisfactorily or exceedingly. Patients are not the problem the problem is in the process of delivering the healthcare services. Variation is intended and misappropriation can incur negative outcomes.

Global Warming Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Global Warming - Essay ExampleNations that ratified the Kyoto Protocol concur to decrease emissions of six greenho intent gases that increase the problems of global heat. These nations be also permitted to utilise emissions trading to reach their obligations if they maintain or increase their greenhouse gas emissions. All of these activities around the macrocosm are then observed and maintained by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change or the IPCC, as wellhead as other environmental protocol treaties. The University Corporation for Atmospheric Research or UCAR (2011) cited that the IPCC coordinates the efforts of more than 2,000 scientists from 154 countries. Together, they represent a vast array of temper specialties, from physics, to chemistry, to interactions with Earths surface, to the role of human behavior. The IPCC also has a policy-making body that inspection and repairs extensively review the findings from scientists or field-related researchers so that their formation in creating policies is well founded and guided. The hesitation that should now be asked is whether or not such measures are good or bad for the environment. Could it be certain that the measures interpreted by these various human actions and endeavors help the world against the effects of global warming? These inquiries shall be explored further through the next discussions of this paper. The Affirmative Side It has come to the attention of various environmental organizations and some societies of various nations that the negative effects of global warming could no longer be taken for granted and ignored. This matter has do environmental groups and organizations rise in their activities through the years, and many have made successful advances with their agendas in government, business, and... Combining policies that deal with the local air defilement and the issue of global climate change would result to beneficial changes for climate alleviation. Medium to long term p lans and actions to lessen air pollution will lead to more benefits in combating global warming. For example, the development of green intelligence policies has been growing in different businesses and societies. This was observed by the BusinessWeek Research Services (2009) who posited out, amid the current climate of greater demand for twain environmental awareness and corporate accountability, organizations are finding that success is increasingly being measured not only by financial performance, but also by ecological and social accomplishments as well (p.3). If various major governments and much of the private sector adopt the green intelligence as a core goal and as part of their methods and practice, then it could make up for all the environmental distress that has been done for the past century.Different methods of proper waste disposal and management can also help combat and deal with the increasing problem of global warming. Proper segregation and recycling of garbage or trash can prevent the creation of massive waste landfills that release a lot of gases that are harmful to the atmosphere, the ecological systems, and human health. Recycled material can also be used for the consumption and use by society and even help promote a new type or distinguish of goods to be used for commerce and trade.

How does Boxing the Compass engage with Genesis 6-9 Essay

How does Boxing the Compass engage with Genesis 6-9 - Essay ExampleTo solve the cases of idolatry, adept needs to love and trust the gift giver with absence of interference from any gift or anything other than God alone. Then people are capable of loving and appreciating gifts accordingly, neither giving them similarly much strength nor failing to be thankful for them. People are then free indeed, and not in bondage or addiction to anything that cannot satisfy them or give them peace known as shalom.Imagine a novella contagious intimation of the oceans in their fatal fragility as caution of life by narrating a daughter in the morning for her mother. Via the grief of the daughter, the novella permits the mourning mode change solicits in language to seek an articulation. The imaginings drive us to the uncanny work of Sandy Florian of mourning in the Boxing the compass novella.Florians novella boxing the compass follows a lady with a twenty-four hours into which she awakens. Afte r that, she leaves her house. She heads to buy bread at a local store. She comes back to her apartment, brews tea, takes a shower and leaves again her home. She rides an urban passenger train toward the graveyard where her mother was buried. In fact, the whole of the day confronts the lady with a procedure of rousing. The day is an anniversary of the era the ladys mother died the day disoriented the daughter utterly. The conceit of the novella boxing the compass gestures toward the disorientation. That is about the sunless she peers moonless she looks for lifeless. She looks for the reflect yearning for an inside magnetic compass for those little kids who cannot yacht their ships with ease.Peoples memories are elusive. It turns and twists, infiltrates and tangles, it shifts and moves smoke-like structure and so foggy, it is the lens via which people see. According to Einstein (1922), memory is deceptive because it is todays events coloring. From this novella, boxing the compass, g ive readers an miniature of what is

Project Management Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Project Management Report - Essay ExampleIn this regard employee training is an highly imperative trend that has recently grasped a great deal of attention in the corporate world. byplay leaders like Accenture Ltd. and Macquere Bank have specifically focused on educating their employees, in the meantime a number of firms that provide training facilities to businesses have also developed, thus creating an entirely new faction of organisational structure, that is, Human Resource Management.Technological Advancements and progress in Information Technology have made ready reckoner proficiency a requirement of the modern business. These readings simultaneously entail employees to be skilled in IT in order to effectively compete for career improvement.With the above objectives in sight a Postgraduate lord MIS course was designed to train IT consultants the art of Systems Development and Mechanism so as to enhance the IS might within the organization and to simultaneously reap advantag es through research and development.The Project designed under the act of Organizational IT Change (OTC), is an eighteen-month comprehensive training course. OTC has been specifically developed to address some extremely outstanding aspects of current corporate requirements. It bequeath comprise of coaching in the following modulesOTC would involve a provision of compl... OTC would involve a provision of complete theoretical knowledge pooled with practical word picture and a close analysis of the recent patterns of IT development in the industry with a particular accent on research and consultancy.The project would aim not only at developing the technological skills of the individuals except simultaneously nourishing their communication and critical expertise so as to enable them to effectively lend oneself the abstract knowledge to realistic good deal.Classes for the course would be held within the organizational premises while the lecturers will be outsourced from some of th e leading universities in the Computer Science Departments.Accenture Limited has also been contacted and we are expecting a regular supply of Guest Speakers who would frequently relate the growing trends and IT solutions to employees. Project Scope OTC was the terminus of a detailed analysis and was gauged on the basis of SMART objectives before outlining its final design. It was extremely spanking to design a specific, tangible and measurable scope in order to clearly define the deliverables to the stakeholders and to drive a successful achievement of the objectives. OTC has been specially designed for skilled IT professionals who are at least(prenominal) acquainted with the fundamental IS knowledge and possess a bachelors degree or under any circumstances a minimum diploma in Information Systems. For the function of testing the capacity of the employees has been fixed to twenty dollar bill initially and these individuals will be entirely selected from the IT department. A basi c 20 minute test would be conducted to serve as the source for selection. The purpose of OTC is to convey skills that enhance the system designing and development

Organization Psychology and Behavior Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Organization Psychology and Behavior - Essay Example faces accord responsibility to its people, develops hierarchy, discusses rules and regulations and how these elements collaborate together in affecting the overall life of the organization.This frame revolves around how an organization keenly steps forward to develop, train, manage, motivate and reward its employees. For majority of the organizations, their employees are their key assets. This frame as well as deals with issues that lav give rise to employee satisfaction, retention, training and development.The frame revolves around the political aspects within an organization. It defines that how one can gain power lose the authority, competition for scarce resources and the ability and the need to establish coalitions with other people. It excessively discusses that how people make new relations and cultivates friendship with other people within an organization on the basis of loyalty and negotiation skills.This frame discuss es that how an organizational culture, the symbolic behaviors of the employees, rituals, organizational development, creativity, communication and organization represents itself by means of its vision, mission, values and goals.The Safety Memo issue can be resolved if all and everyone in the organization have focused more on its hierarchical level. The Structure of the company was itself a caper giving rise to many problems such as the loss control process by unalike individuals. The gap between different levels of managements has given rise to communication gap and therefore, it is one of the reasons that the company should focus on enhancing its hierarchical structure in more organized manner. It is important for the employees to resolve their issues verbally with for each one other rather accusing one another for the mistakes. It is also very important for the organization to set up trust between employees in a working sphere. Every team or employee should have a strong rep orting end that can defend his team or employees in front of

Globalization and Cultural Diversity in International Business Essay

globalization and Cultural Diversity in International note Negotiations - Essay ExampleOverall, an analysis of the various dimensions of pagan clashes and contradictions will be acknowledged. After a definitional look at globalization and the extent to which its importance has big(p) in the world of stemma, its impact on multi-cultural negotiations will briefly be assessed. Whether the business world has managed to set aside problems created by multi-cultural business activities and how it achieves these eradications will be evaluated through examination and an example oppugn. This dissertation focuses on the rig of cultural differences on business negotiations, and how businesses from antithetical cultural backgrounds seek to bridge the gaps between their cultures during business negotiations. The base explores exactly what is meant by the term culture and how its different facets may be measured. Then, I review intercultural conversation and cultural exchange in addition, I talk about the impact of globalization on intercultural communication. Business negotiation is under discussion I examine the impact of culture on international business negotiations and how to analyze a negotiation process. The main problems posed by cultural differences will be determine from the research and discussion, and how businesses overcome these differences will be examined through an example interview (German/Italian cultural differences). The interview will involve an analysis of the cultural differences between Germans and Italians, and how the interviewed businesses overcome the differences in order to participate in successful negotiations. There has been a great deal of recent discussion as to whether barriers between different cultures have diminished (Nordstrm, 1991).

123 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

123 - Essay ExampleThe family atmosphere is as well not conducive to sharing of secrets. dirts dad married soon after the toss of Jacks mother without even informing him that he would do that. It is a fact that in Native American society men do not share deep feelings however, this fact average served to worsen the relationship between Jack and his father. Jack felt a sense of abandonment when this took localize and went to reside with his aunt. The older generation in this tale, which is made up of the narrators father, Aunt Greta and the extended family reside in the Indian reservation, but Jack makes the decision to further his education and moves out of the reservation. Owing to this decision to modify his life, his connection with his family members is weakened.In Native American families, it appears that in most households, there is a lot of enrollment that is accepted as being normal. Gerstel and Sarkisian state that B need and Latino families are more disorganized than purity families (Gerstel and Sarkisian, 62). This may not be a reality in all families of non-White ethnicities, but it occurs more a great deal in these families than in White families. Aunt Gretas household was altered significantly many times in the course of her life. Her husband passed away, and thus she had to look after her grandfather in his old age, along with her nephew. previous to going to university, Roger is invited to a party in which he gets inebriated and is involved in a fight. The lack of boundaries that would have egressed from being a part of a fully functional family may have prevented this. Jack was mainly brought up by his aunt. There are boundaries that will only be respected by children when the father of the family enforces them. Jack, coming from a dysfunctional family, lacked such boundaries. He is imprisoned as a result of the fight, but still does not appear to understand the importance of taking

Power in Language and Culture Essay Example for Free

might in Language and Culture EssayPower is considered to be the anthem of success-whoever holds antecedent holds ascendancy oer the society. However, whomever has ascendency oer that society has to have means of communicating to the inferior. The way rulers communicate to their inferiors is a draw part of society, and dictates the syntax of the quarrel. Therefore magnate reflects on the flexibility and grammatical construction of the language. In Mrs.Bradys class lectures describing The memorial of the English language she states that before Viking invasions the Pagan Anglo-Saxon language consisted mainly of religious, domestic and mundane talking to much(prenominal) as fork, mile, t commensurate, alter, mass and chool. In 1066 A. D Norman Vikings overtook the society and added new words such as scream, take and skull these words allowed for aggression in the grow. Along with the aggressive word change the Vikings in addition degraded Anglo-Saxon words creating syn onyms that now have a more functionful meaning for physical exercise the Anglo- Saxon word wish and the Norman word want.Customarily the Vikings were very hostile and aggressive mountain and their contributions to the English language reflect their virulent ways. The Vikings were able to harness their power to create a unrelenting nfluence on the language and culture of the inferior societies they overtook. Modern English is currently the connecting language used world-wide to communicate. It is set forth as dominate for m all reasons in The Mother Tongue. A specific archetype given by Bill Bryson is a ited factor in setting English apart from other languages is flexibility. In the linked States, Ameri bottomlands give respect where it is needed there is no hierarchy where respect or a certain(p) dialect is required to talk to another person. The fact that American culture is not based more or less power allows the language to have versatility. The government is people-based the power granted to Americans through the constitution allows for variety and liberty of speech. For example female rights activists are able to speak out against misogynist beliefs.Though the power structure in America is composed of mostly men, women are unaffected by it, and are still able to speak out against the gender that makes up the majority of the government. American feminism is a prime example of how the power structure can have no case on the language due to its substructure on freedom and equality. In Outliers, chapter seven The Ethnic Theory of Plane Crashes, Malcom Gladwell describes the errible crash of Korean Airlines trajectory 801 in 1997 caused by lack of communication through pilots. Unlike our American government Korea has different expectations for their language.It demands that members of higher(prenominal) rank be addressed properly. Not allowing for casual non-specific terms such as you. Koreans are oblige to be deferential toward their elders and s uperiors in a way that would be unnecessary in the U. S. Koreans moldiness launch respect for the people that hold power therefore speaking monot integrity causing serious situations to audio frequency less urgent then they actually are. Another example of powers influence on language and culture is the example of Chris Langan vs. Robert Oppenheimer Here we have two very brilliant young students, each of whom runs into a line that imperils his college career.Langans mother has missed a deadline for his financial aid. Oppenheimer has tried to poison his tutor. To continue on, they are required to scat their cases to authority. sent to a psychiatrists. Oppenheimer and Langan might both be geniuses, but in other ways, they could not be more different (98). Oppenheimer grew up amongst a surplus of power, and so it affected the way that he spoke. He knew how to speak so hat he could get the most effect out of his words, and thus the power worked as an advantage to him and the way he uses language.Langan, in contrast, grew up extremely impoverished. He only had one set of clothes, his mother knew nothing about the way the world worked outside of their small town in Montana, and his step- father was an alcoholic and abuser. There was no positive form of power surrounding him, and thus his language skills were insufficient when he tried to convince his superiors to renew his scholarship. In social class structures there is power that either works to the advantage or disadvantage of the language.In George Orwells dystopian fiction novel 1984 the totalitarian government formats a society in which all members of the party are brain washed. In the attachment of the book Orwell discusses the importance the language, Newspeak, plays on the society. Euphony outweighed every consideration other than exactitude of meaning, (pg308) The language created by Ingsoc, called Newspeak, was used against the population in order to keep power. Newspeak was made up of doublethink w ords such as blackwhite and goodthink this made it impossible for the society to bond and connect with one another due to lack of m and meaning.Using language as a tool to control the culture rid society of their independency to think freely, ultimately turning them into mindless slaves of the government. A real-world example of a totalitarian societies control over language is Hitlers Nazi Germany. The Nazi regime aspired to inflict the same control over the people as Ingsoc did. In Mein Kampf Adolf Hitler states The chief function of propaganda is to convince the masses, who slowness of understanding needs to be given conviction in order that they may absorb information and only constant repetition will in conclusion succeed in imprinting an idea on heir mind .. the slogan must of crease be illustrated in many ways and from several angles, but in the end one must always return to the assertion of the same formula. The one will be rewarded by the surprising and closely incredi ble results that such a personal policy secures. Culturally, the Nazi regime was anti-modern. Censorship and propaganda ensured that Germans could only take what the Nazi hierarchy wanted people to see, hear what they wanted them to hear and read only what the Nazis deemed acceptable. in conclusion giving the Nazis full control over the mindset of their people.Forcing them to perceive that what they were doing was correct and thus socially acceptable. Moreover, whoever holds ascendancy over a culture has the ability to modify and manipulate the language however they want. Language can be used as a tool to gain power, or the people in power can use it as a tool to keep power. It can also be an effect rather than a cause the way that power is exercised can have an indirect effect on the language. Whether direct or indirect, power has a lasting and critical impact on the language of any culture where a power structure is present.

Jillian Michaels Biographical Essay Essay Example for Free

Jillian Michaels Biographical Essay EssayPeople tend to gain system of weights because they want to fill an emotional void. For many, this void get filled with food. Like a chasm, the void represents a deep hole that feels inescapable. Most mickle feel so insecure and weak, that the idea of losing weight seems insurmountable. Jillian Michaels, the trainer from The Biggest Loser, helps people overcome emotional obstacles that manifest themselves in their physical beings.Born in Los Angeles California, and raised in Santa Monica, Jillian carried around issues like that of any child. Devastated by her parents divorce, Jillian found herself struggling with weight problems in her early teens. At the age of twelve, Jillian weighed almost 175 pounds. Realizing Jillians weight problem, her mom signed her up for a warlike arts class. Five years later, at the age of seventeen Jillian put her passion for fitness to lay down and became a personal trainer. Today, Jillian stands at 52, an d weighs about 125 pounds. Although petite, the rambunctious character shines by means of in her reality show The Biggest Loser.Oftentimes, Jillian screams, Unless you puke, faint, or die, keep going As these words echo through the gym, Jillian Michaels gives out beatings to her contestants, weighing in at almost four hundred pounds, these people allowed themselves to become morbidly telling. Glued to a couch for years, you faculty, in fact, mistake these people for a bouncy house. In i day on The Biggest Loser, they go from zero movement to full-fledged cardio vascular activity. Using erratic techniques much(prenominal) as plyometrics, boxing, and circuit training, weight gets shredded by the pound.Most might say that Jillian Michaels comes discharge as intimidating and mean, mainly because she enjoys screaming at people and watching them drop like flies. Like a drill Sargent, Jillian Michaels yells at her contestants as if they were soldiers. Her scream, shrill and blood cu rdling, encourages and motivates. These contestants, basically on the edge of death, put their lives in the hands of Jillian Michaels. She only yells because she condole withs and wants to help these people save their lives.Exercise, especially on the Biggest Loser, holds considerable importance. However, Jillian finds it crucial to overly eat sanguine. While you do burn calories exercising, you can just as easily eat good through them. Jillian, of course, uses her own life as an example for how people should eat and live. Eating mainly organic, she doesnt see the need to feed our bodies harsh preservatives and chemicals, such as Taco Bell. In many health magazines, Jillian also talks about portioning. She says as long as you eat fewer calories than you burn, you will bear weight. Although difficult, it definitely can be achieved.While considered uptight and neurotic, Jillian does, however, show a compassionate side. She pushes everyone until they break, or until their emotion s dumbfound to bubble over. Latching on like a leach, Jillian cash in ones chipss to focus on the source of the problem. It is a reoccurring theme that obese people gain weight due to psychological factors. Well aware of this, Jillian uses it to her advantage. She finds the issue that made these people gain weight in the first place, and then helps them accept it. By discovering the original problem, these people start to better understand themselves. Jillian helps them realize why they gained weight, and this allows them to prevent it from happening again.Many people hire a personal trainer to get their butt kicked or maybe to push them farther than they thought imaginable. With 2 reality shows, six books, and multiple fitness videos, we can conclude that Jillian Michaels is here to help. Jillian stresses the idea of exercise and healthy eating, while also encouraging the idea of therapy and clearing up your past. At first glance you might say that Jillian comes off as a simple TV character who doesnt really care about anyone but herself. However, after thorough digging, the love Jillian shows for humanity becomes apparent. Finding drive or believe to exercise sometimes proves to be difficult. With Jillian Michaels help, you will find the support and inspiration you need to get off the couch and start moving. Making the world better one over weight person at a time, I hope to one-day give back to the world as much as Jillian Michaels.

Staffing and Training Essay Example for Free

Staffing and facts of life actAs multinational firms sphericise they must learn to co-ordinate efforts among an increasingly culturally diverse hands and environment. nary(prenominal)adays throng tend to be precise defensive of their cultural identity and caution by others has to be way outn so that insult is not ca functiond. Through the years success of Japanese organisations global st treadgies has encouraged Ameri give the axe firms. Although some point out the advantages, cultural renewal may leads to conflict, mis discretion and insufficiency of cohesion.(Tung, 1993) states that cross cultural prep atomic number 18dness process, helps in the increment of building relations surrounded by individuals or groups, particularly individuals/groups with diverse cultural backgrounds. (Welch 1998) defines cultural develop as any form of guided give birth help people to live and execution more contentedly in another culture. Such training encourages lowstanding n igh differences and betrothal of the multicultural work environment and helps create and retain effective work team ups and expertness in dealing with multicultural worry (Hartenian, 2000) describes the multi-cultural workforce as a workforce that excludes no one, from top-level focussing to low-level employees. He sees the multi-cultural workforce has one of the main opportunities for an organisation.Although multi-cultural workforces ar beneficial to organisations in relation to transaction and profitability, they can be very hard to manage. fit to (Hill, 92) the key to managing multi-cultural workforces is the realisation that majority and minority cultures do not always shargon experiences. To solve this managers can adapt diametrical strategies such as ontogenesis programmes that promote sensation of different cultures, recognise common links among different ethnic groups and express cin one caserns and confusions. (Hill 1992) believes that if organisations use these strategies, economic benefits will be reaped.This may be easier said than done, (Harisis Kleiner, 1993) argue that the implementation of such workforces are extremely difficult. They say that not only within the Statesn society and businesses but on a world wide scale there are widespread barriers. Such barriers include unwritten rules and prototype standards for success which are often unknown to women and minorities, stereotypes and their associated assumptions and leave out of dialogue about differences.In global organisations it is inwrought that effective cross cultural training occurs in target to help individuals obtain both the acquaintance and the tools needed to reduce misunderstandings and improper actions (Black Mendenhall 1990) suggest that multi-cultural training provides individuals with greater self confidence and decreased slimness about people from diverse cultures. In addition (Barlett and Ghoshal 1990) also pointed out that establishing a multicultural t raining programme improved the companys ability to operate more efficiently in different cultural environments. Although many multicultural training programmes are undertaken to enhance cultural diversity they are not always successful. According to (Woods 1992) a systematic flak should be taken towards training. (Woods 1992) established a four step turnFirstly was to specify certain job task of individuals and assess the needs of the corporate culture. Secondly is the appellative of training objectives. Thirdly was the establishment of the proper training content in which the following was usedsensitivity training, cultural awareness and penchant programs. In addition(Cox, 1993 Gamio Sneed, 1992 Tung, 1993) introduced the communication competency program. In the final lay out (Milkovich Boudreau 1991) stated that training programs need to verify whether the training is successful in junior members of staffs works at work. The cycle per second used was concerned with the eff ectiveness of the training, however, (Mendenhall Oddou 1986 Tung 1981) make up factors that deterred individuals. These included lack of specialised trainers, cost and comprehend lack of usefulness. explore carried out by (Gamio Sneed 1992) found that the deterrence factors are of major importance. Take for typesetters case the catering industry. Mangers in restaurants may blame uplifted staff turnover rates on lack of multi-cultural training, therefore using these rates as the reason to ignore the need for training programs. (Jackson 1991) believes that heterogeneity among team members contributes to high turnover rates within organisations. Researchers may find that the relationship between cultural diversity and staff turnover is of major importance to all organisations.hospitality researchersResults of this composition have provided useful directions for forthcoming research in the area of multicultural training. Respondents in this study perceived more success in impr oving interpersonal skills than dealing with culturally diverse people because those skills are probably more slow observable and acquirable. A more rigorous research excogitation is recommended sooner definitive conclusions about the capacity of the training can be reached (Black and Mendenhall, 1990). Without identifying a baseline of cognition and skills before starting the program, it becomes difficult to stripe training effectiveness.Researchers can solve this problem by utilizing a pretest-posttest design with a control group, identifying both separate groups during pretest. One group would be tested before and after receiving the training. The other group would solely be tested twice once before and once after the program but they would not receive the training. By measuring rod both groups, training managers could beneficialy assess the impact of the training program. Furthermore, the measuring of the training effectiveness needs to incorporate the trainees estima tion about the program in addition to perceptions from directors of serviceman resources. Alliger and Janak (1989) advocated that training needs to integrate ii evaluation criteria1 Internal. For assessing how trainees feel about the training experience.2 External. For estimating the changes in job behavior and arrangingal effectiveness (Milkovich and Boudreau, 1991)..Such training encourages understanding about differences and acceptance of the multicultural work environment and helps create and retain effective work teams and expertise in dealing with multicultural management. Full Text (2411 words) Copyright InfoWorld Publications, Inc. Apr 24, 2000 Headnote As the IT workforce grows more diverse, managers must improve awareness without creating inconsistencyDiversity will have a significant impact on the cordial reception industry. On one hand, diversity may cause problems, particularly in older, traditional brass instruments with a homogeneous workforce, including communic ation difficulties with supervisors and co-workers as well as with customers. Thus, group cohesiveness may be reduced by an change magnitude cultural diversity among group members (Cox, 1993). The lack of understanding of different cultures may lead to ineffective management techniques in directing, motivating, and rewarding culturally diverse employees. On the other hand, diversity enriches a hospitality organization by adding new cultures, ideas, and alternative methods for solving problems.).What is not understood is what effects, if any, these changes will have on an organization and how it can respond in a proactive way to them. Recognizing the significance of managing diversity in the hospitality organization, Welch et al. (1988) suggest that developing cultural awareness in a company helps employees become familiar with different values, interpersonal interactions, and communication systems which must be understood for an effective multicultural working environment. Christen sen (1993) emphasizes that organizations failing to pick out the full range of variety inherent in their employees and customer populations will have difficulty live on. restaurants need to have more thorough multicultural training programs, focusing on training goals which are practical and job-specific. Job result-oriented training goals, including increasing employee teamwork among culturally diverse employees and improving cross-cultural skills, must be a part of the training goals to encourage employee participation and eventually help in facilitating job performance in dealing with multicultural work environments.In addition, training methods should be more comprehensive quite an than limited. As case 3 reported, minority mentor and advisory programs could be utilized to encourage full participation of ethnic minorities. These intimacy efforts, with full support from upper management, would help change employees attitudes and lower barriers between diverse workers and prom ote ethnic minorities, and hope amply lead to less turnover generated from the feeling of isolation and difference.Furthermore, forgiving resource directors may consider utilizing employees with multicultural experience. For instance, the company can hire managers who have hands-on experience with different cultures or language skills for efficient interaction with diverse employees and for multicultural training. These comprehensive training approaches can eventually generate productive training results and increase better understanding among employees from diverse cultural backgrounds. cordial reception researchersResults of this study have provided useful directions for future research in the area of multicultural training. Respondents in this study perceived more success in improving interpersonal skills than dealing with culturally diverse people because those skills are probably more easily observable and acquirable. A more rigorous research design is recommended before defin itive conclusions about the efficiency of the training can be reached (Black and Mendenhall, 1990). Without identifying a baseline of knowledge and skills before starting the program, it becomes difficult to measure training effectiveness.Researchers can solve this problem by utilizing a pretest-posttest design with a control group, identifying two separate groups during pretest. One group would be tested before and after receiving the training. The other group would simply be tested twice once before and once after the program but they would not receive the training. By measuring both groups, training managers could fully assess the impact of the training program. Furthermore, the measurement of the training effectiveness needs to incorporate the trainees estimation about the program in addition to perceptions from directors of human resources. Alliger and Janak (1989) advocated that training needs to integrate two evaluation criteria1 Internal. For assessing how trainees feel ab out the training experience.2 External. For estimating the changes in job behavior and organizational effectiveness (Milkovich and Boudreau, 1991)..In responding to the multicultural work environments and international scope of restaurant operations, the hospitality industry should provide proper training for line employees who require customer interactions during their routine jobs in addition to managers who deal with employee promotion and corporate culture. tuitionPerlmutter identified three managerial attitudes toward international operationsManagers with an ethnocentric attitude are home-country oriented. Home-country personnel, ideas, and practices are viewed as inherently superior to those from abroad and are used for evaluation purposes.A polycentric attitude is a host-country orientation based on the assumption that because cultures are so different, local managers know what is best for their operations.Managers with a geocentric attitude are world-oriented. Skill, not na tionality, determines who gets promoted or transferred to key positions around the globe. This attitude attempts to maintain a equipoise between global standards and local discretion.A geocentric attitude can help management take a long step toward success in todays vigorously competitive global marketplace.complexity.Documentary programs. farming assimilator.Language instruction.Sensitivity training.Field experience.TRAINING.. References1. Alliger, G. and Janak, E. (1989), Kirkpatricks levels of training criteria thirty years later, Personnel Psychology, Vol. 42 no. 4, pp. 331-42.2. Andorka, F. (1997), Diversity task forces meet to set agenda, Hotel and Motel prudence, Vol. 212 No. 4, pp. 32-6.3. Barlett, C. and Ghoshal, S. (1990), Matrix management not a structure, a frame of mind, Harvard employment Review, Vol. 68 No. 4, pp. 138-45.4. Black, J. and Mendenhall, M. (1990), Cross-cultural training effectiveness a review and a theoretical role model for future research, academy of Management Review, Vol. 15 No. 1, pp. 113-36.5. Bochner, S. (1982), Cultures in Contact Studies in Cross-cultural Interaction, Pergamon Press, New York, NY.6. Bond, R. and Bond, J. (1993), The Sourcebook of Franchise Opportunities, melodic line One Irwin, Homewood, IL.7. Christensen, J. (1993), The diversity dynamic implications for organizations in 2005, Hospitality Research Journal, Vol. 17 No. 1, pp. 69-86.8. Clark, J. and Arbel, A. (1993), Producing global managers, The Cornell Hotel Restaurant Administration Quarterly, Vol. 34 No. 4, pp. 83-7.9. Cox, T.H. (1991), The multicultural organization, Academy of Management Executive, Vol. 5 No. 2, pp. 34-47.10. Cox, T.H. (1993), Cultural Diversity in placements, Berrett-Koehler, San Francisco, CA.11. Franchise Directory (1992), 1st ed., Martin, S. (Ed.), Gale Research, Detroit, MI.12. Fullerton, H. (1987), Labor force projections 1986-2000, periodic Labor Review, Vol. 110 No. 9, pp. 19-29.13. Gamio, M. and Sneed, J. (1992), Cro ss-cultural training practices and needs in the hotel industry, Hospitality Research Journal, Vol. 15 No. 3, pp. 13-26.14. Glick, W., Harber, H., Miller, D., Doty, H. and Sutcliffe, K. (1990), Studying changes in organizational design and effectiveness retrospective event histories and periodic assessments, Organization Science, Vol. 1 No. 3, pp. 293-312.15. Harris, K. and West, J. (1993), Using multimedia in hospitality training, The Cornell Hotel Restaurant Administration Quarterly, Vol. 34 No. 4, pp. 75-82.16. Houten, B. (1997), Harvest time, Restaurant Business, Vol. 15 No. 8, pp. 71-80.17. Jackson, S., Brett, J., Sessa, V., Cooper, D., Julin, J. and Peyronnin, K. (1991), Some differences make a difference individual discrimination and group heterogeneity as correlates of recruitment, promotions, and turnover, Journal of Applied Psychology, Vol. 76 No. 5, pp. 675-89.18. Jeffcoate, R. (1981), Why multicultural education?, Education 3-13, Vol. 9 No. 1, pp. 4-7.19. Mejia, L. and P alich, L. (1997), Cultural diversity and the performance of multicultural firms, Journal of International Business Studies, Vol. 28 No. 2, pp. 309-35.20. Mendenhall, M. and Oddou, G. (1986), Acculturation profiles of expatriate managers implications for cross-cultural training programs, capital of South Carolina Journal of World Business, Vol. 21 No. 4, pp. 73-9.21. Milkovich, G. and Boudreau, J. (1991), Selection and design of training programs, in Human Resource Management, 6th ed., Irwin, Homewood, IL.22. National Restaurant Association (1988), Foodservice Industry 2000 (Current Issue Report), National Restaurant Association, Washington, DC.23. Tung, R. (1981), Selection and training of personnel for overseas assignments, Columbia Journal of World Business, Vol. 16 No. 1, pp. 68-78.24. Tung, R. (1993), Managing cross-national and intra-national diversity, Human Resource Management, Vol. 32 No. 4, pp. 461-77.25. US travel Service (1990), Annual Summary of International Travelers to the US, US Travel Service, Washington, DC.26. Welch, T., Tanke, M. and Glover, G. (1988), Multicultural human resource management, Hospitality Research Journal, Vol. 12 No. 4, pp. 337-45.27. Woods, R. (1992), Managing Hospitality Human Resources, Educational Institute of the American Hotel and Motel Association, East Lansing, MI.28. Zikmund, W. (1991), Business Research Methods, 3rd ed., The Dryden Press, Orlando, FL, pp. 3Despite their popularity, the risk of failure of such ventures is high. There is a wealth of academic research studying the factors which may lead to greater success. Some authors suggest that greater oversight up front to structural and partner characteristic dimensions will arrest the high failure rate (Parkhe, 1993). Recent research effort has been directed towards forwarding general prescriptions for managing the relationship once the alliance is under wayParkhe, A. (1993), Strategic alliance structuring a game theoretical and transaction cost examination of interfirm cooperation, Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 36 No. 4, pp. 794-829.The work of Hofstede (1980), in particular, is considered the most comprehensive effort, involving analysis of a outsize scale questionnaire based survey of one large American corporation in 40 of its subsidiaries. Hofstede found that differences in national culture varied substantially along the four dimensions of uncertainty avoidance, individuality, tolerance of agency distance and masculinity-femininity. Hofstedes work has frequently been used as a starting point to identify and form cultural clusters (Kogut and Singh, 1988 Ronen and Shenkar, 1985). Although the methodological approach has been extended to explore the effect of culture on international cooperation (Johnson et al., 1993 Graham, 1988) the difficulties of measuring and monitoring exchange processes have been noted.Indonesian culture, particularly Javanese and Sundanese culture (the latter from the region of Bandung) is very diffe rent from modern Western European and North American culture. Particular aspects of these cultural differences can rival the trust-building process. The case provides key episodes which illuminate these cultural trait differences and suggests methods to work within this cultural diversity.The critical involvement of stakeholdersA key cultural dimension in SE Asian culture is the collectivist approach to business. This manifests itself in our case study through with(predicate) the critical involvement of stakeholders in the formation phase of the JV. The post of stakeholders and management of their interests is a key theme running through the paper. In particular, the case study suggests a need to systematically identify the power and interest of potential stakeholders and plan for and subsequently negotiate their roles and work in the venture.These factors have led many Western companies to look for help and expert local advice through collaborative arrangements with ASEAN count ry partners. Market entry strategies have favoured equity JVs, which several ASEAN countries prefer in order to protect their own interests and ensure long-term growth (Lasserre, 1995 Mann 1996).The JV formation process an analytical frameworkLorange and Roos (1993) proposed a formation process model for JVs and strategic alliances which consisted of two areas of consideration political and analytical and two phases of development the initial and the intensive phase. This model has been modified and extended to create an analytical framework which derives from the Indonesian JV experience.The marketing and economic benefits from such a JV were apparent to Lucas at the time. Essentially the JV would provide abundant and highly skilled low-cost labour (with future joint product development a realistic possibility), made up of a loyal, dedicated and, importantly, reliable workforce with excellent prove machine tool skills and capabilities. Good rail and air transport links with market s in Europe, North America and Asia Pacific made it an attractive proposition along with a burgeoning Western market for low-cost high quality aerospace standard precision machined parts and componentsWesterners, particularly from Northern Europe and North America are generally viewed as particularists (Trompenaars, 1993). They rely heavily on rules and legal agreements to structure and provide governance to joint ventures. Trompenaars, F. (1993), Riding the Waves of Culture, Nicholas Brealey, LondonThe most commonly utilized starting point for organizational development work on managing diversity is some type of employee education program.Human Resource Planning, June 2001 v24 i2 p10Workforce Diversity Training From Anti-Discrimination Compliance to Organizational Development. Marc Bendick Mary Lou Egan Suzanne M. Lofhjelm.Diversity is not just race and gender. It has a lot to do with communication styles and work styles,

Movie Review Essay Example for Free

Movie Review EssayThe famous, wholesome known writer and director Meera Syal has written a breathtaking painting Anita and Me. Meera Syal is a best(p) interchange novelist and has sold thousands of her fantastic stories one of which is c altogethered, Anita and Me all over the country. Syal puts a lot of herself in her work and to a fault she is a British born woman heretofore she still has her Indian origin which revolves in her fabrications and movies. Her movies let been compared to the following Bend it Like Beckham and East is East. These movies all reserve an Indian culture behind them as well as a fun and laughter side. Its also has its own culture in the movie while being surrounded by the British society, and also one which a young fille wants very much to be a part of, although the dominant culture doesnt mean it is going to be all peachy, if that is what you are thinking, that is what made it the most amu blether and most incredible movie of the year.The story of Anita and Me essentially revolves round Meena when she was living in a little village called Tollington. Meena is a young Indian missy who was born in Britain. She wants to be like all the other British people in her neighbourhood, eating fish finger instead of chapattis, having colourful flowers in her garden instead of crop and also have a normal sustenance were you could go out whenever you wanted to with your mates, but instead Meena has to spend more time with her family. To be honest Meena wants to be position See Meena is Punjabi and she cannot speak a word of Punjabi, however her midlands ascent is stronger than most of the families which have been living there for generations.Her parents brought Meena to England to have a better quality of life for their daughter, but Meena is having a difficult time adjusting to her surroundings. However trouble rides up in town when a girl gang known as the wenches, who very much enjoy teasing young boys and pinch from their local sweets shop, unfortunately for Meena, the gang leader was her next door neighbour and soon became her future best friend.Meena and Anita last formed an unlikely bond, and become like blood sisters, vowing to be there for each other through thick and thin. However, Meena was facing her secondary school entrance exam and during that time she had suffered domestic abuse by Anitas mother and toured the two girls apart. Meena wants to be like Anita, a blond, light-headed British girl who is 14 years old. Meena admires Anita for her charm, good looks and her independence, and in so many different ways Meena wants to be like her.The story took place in year 1972. Political correctness has not yet been invented. The called dark skins in English villages are as rare as black footballers in the First Division. Life me be quite an old fashioned, but its also racist. For exampleMeenas friend Anitas mum comes home one day with a cuddly black poodle pup.Whats it called? Anitas little si ster asks. Nigger, she is told. And no-one blinks an eye.In the movie some of the British characters refer to Meena and her family as wogs and darkies. A member of Meenas family was beaten up and was killed for being Indian. Meena then finds out that Anita and her lad Sam went Paki bashing (go of to kill the Indians). This starts to ring a bells and Meena then realize that it was Sam who killed her uncle. The film finally ends with English music being played in the background. The whole family starts to dance to the music and then Meenas Dad begins to sing in Punjabi along with the music. This shows that the two cultures are eventually beginning to mix and become friends.From racism to the repairs to the local church this movie covers most of the areas of life. In the movie Meena becomes more independent and begins to make her own ending towards her life, whereas before her parents used to make them all. There has been some high and low points in Meenas family life and eventually they get what they want in the end and the neighbourhood becomes more peaceful. Meena passed in her entrance exam for the Grammar naturalize and so the family can move to a better neighbourhood. Meena found out that she couldnt please the whole dry land even if that did mean her racist neighbourhood because she was meant to Indian. When Meena moved away to live closer to her new school, she had left field behind a chapter of her life, and had matured enough to have realized that Anita was never a real friend.I personal think that this movie a perfect example of what Indians where put through back in the days in England. The English had discriminated the Indians and the Asians just because of their skin colour, however this doesnt only happen in England, it happens all over the world. This movie is also show a culture side of the story and a morsel of history about Indian, such as the independents when India and Pakistan was split into to different countries. The movie Anita and M e was amusing and enjoyable to catch out and was fast moving. Anita and Me is a unique vision of the British childishness in the early seventies, a childhood caught between two cultures, each on the edge of enormous change. For these points I would rate this movie 4 star.

Acre Wood Retirement Community Case Study Essay Example for Free

Acre Wood Retirement Community Case Study EssayThe pool design was not in tune with the original design, so what was promised was not delivered. Funds tout ensembleotted were not fully used. Sarahs complaint in the newspaper would create another legal issue and would invite public proclaim against the face.Ethical issues The director was not concerned about the welfare of public even though the plaques mission was to improve the quality of life of its residents both physically and emotionally. Lack of commitment to prate the pool and refusing to look into Sarahs complaints were other ethical issues. A2. The behaviour of director only promoted greed (underutilization of m unmatchabley), irresponsibleness (refusing to visit the pool and not listening to the complaints), unethical practices (not concerned about public safety solely against the organizations vision) and partiality (promoting Gene who wasnt complaining)A3. A role model is some one who inspires, motivates and u ltimately brings out the best in the follower by making him realize his own potential. ethical motive are one of the key determinants of a role model. An ethical role model is one who puts his organizations goal ahead of his personal goals, who does not promote malpractices, who is always ready to look in to matters which interest public health and welfare and one who is always ready to listen to his employees suggestion. The director had all the qualities missing which surely dont make him an ethical role model.

Roca Case Study Essay Example for Free

Roca Case Study EssayRoca Radiadores S. A. is an merely Spanish-owned family which has achieved extraordinary international blowup. To answer the question what motivated Roca to start internationalisation we need to support attention to the history and nurture expansion of Roca. Roca began its activities in 1915 as Compania Roca Radiadores S. A, a comp any that exclusively make cast iron radiators for domestic warming at its factory in Gava, near Barcelona.Over the seam of about 60 years, Roca established its first foreign adjunct in France because by that time, all the possibilities of further expansion in the Spanish merchandise were extremely limited. Rocas capital is wholly owned by the family group arising from its readyers. The shareholders currently comprise over 50 members of the Roca family. The total turnover has been increasing steadily, breaking at one time over 800 million euro, with profits over 35 million euro per year. Roca has a stable financial sta tement. Roca makes decisions in truth slowly, evaluating the risks involved.It hardly uses bank loans, thus financing its surfaceth mainly on reserves. Roca sells its products in over 70 countries in the six continents. Roca began increasing its international commitments as exports volumes rose. It was extremely difficult to start up exports in different countries. It faced technical barriers, varying national customs in different countries, trading limits, loving differences in different countries, but at that place were several factors which motivated Roca to start its expansion and thus net income from internationalization1.All the possibilities of further expansion in the Spanish food food mart were extremely limited. So, it explains desire to grow 2. Stable financial statement (Its growth is based mainly on reserves, not on loans) 3. high profitability after entering the international market 4. Obtain prestige in the domestic market 5. There is no information in the case study about competitors, but clearly in that position are always competitors and this fact must be taken into consideration in discussing Rocas internationalization process.Assuming that there are competitors, Roca was motivated to internationalize its sales and operations because internationalization would help it reach greater economies of scale in evidence to be more competitive. Furthermore, Roca would want to move against other competitors in foreign markets Roca has successfully overcome done all the initial stages of internationalization process much(prenominal)(prenominal) as exports or licences and production capacity and now it is on the final fourth stage as a spherical and multinational company.Roca went beyond the limits of the domestic market in 1974, when it opened the first infantryman of the ROCA FRANCE in France. Since then, the company has opened a number of subsidiaries in over 70 countries, not nevertheless western sandwich Europe, but also the countries of Latin America, Eastern Europe, the Far East, and emerging countries. Since then Roca has became one of the largest exporters of Catalonia. Also, in order to descend costs Roca inaugurated mostly export-oriented factories for the production of Roca goods producing in countries such as Settat, Morocco where they entered into a number of impertinent agreements.Roca is always careful when entering into a immature country, choosing only those where there is strong demand for their products. With the suppuration of the internationalization process Roca has established the Department of Expansion, which is responsible for gathering information about foreign markets, ambition situation, consumers, as well as the economic situation in the country of concern. Also Roca always takes into history the features of each country, like differences in water pressure, type of waste pipes employed, national customs, etc. nd reservation modifications to production processes in each country.Ro ca is one of the worlds largest manufacturers of sanitary and heating division, air conditioning and ceramics, and so its brass activityal process cannot be identified only by one model. A combination of a global-centralized and a decentralized brass instrumental structure is best for the company, since the decisions that Roca must make are highly specialized depending upon whether it pertains to managing the global company or managing a local subsidiary.The model Roca follows entails that the decisions of the global Roca company should be taken at the level of the boot company while at the subsidiary level decisions that must be do to reduce costs by acquiring information about partners, distributors, etc. are under the comprehensive of the subsidiary. The resurrect company, Roca, must address the core issues of emergence of the whole company as well as control interest, establish new subsidiaries in new regions and look after the represent for the company fit to a va riety of financial and managerial reports that it receives from the subsidiaries.It also should engage subsidiaries to the search for new ways of development on their localizations. In particular, while opening a new production or establishing relations in a new market, the parent company whitethorn enter into temporary contracts, which will operate until the subsidiary is established on a new location. These are the decisions that best make in a global-centralized organization structure. At the same time the main aim of each subsidiary is to be responsible to the parent company for a profit and loss basis.Unprofitable subsidiaries can be tardily dropped off and their managers should render it. Although subsidiaries are sovereign they benefit from any goodwill and recognition of the whole company. So the subsidiaries are interested in their profitability, each subsidiary should search for new contacts, watch out for the productive organization of work of the company and then file reports on their operations with their parent companies to the parent company.So each subsidiary is responsible for the reputation of the company on the local level while the parent company is doing it on the global one. Roca has chosen to create production subsidiaries as its entry strategy for various countries because subsidiaries digest the parent company to achieve a closer and more continuous contact with the market.The creation of a subsidiary also decreases the number of intermediaries and makes it possible for the parent company to obtain a deeper know takege of the market. Financially, the production subsidiaries get Roca to avoid import barriers, which in turn reduces the final price of the product. Production subsidiaries also provides Roca with a founder understanding of the host market, and makes it easier and quicker to adapt products for the foreign market and to respond to market changes.With all these advantages associated with the routine of production subsid iaries, it is evident why Roca chose the creation of production subsidiaries as its entry strategy. Rocas international organization is flat in order to give subsidiaries greater autonomy since subsidiaries are closer to its markets. This not only provides Roca with better insight into foreign markets but also appropriates Roca to commence international operations more speedily since basic infrastructure already exists.Thus, Roca can beat out potential competitors. The flat organizational power structure means that decisions can be made more quickly, which is necessary when a company owns so numerous subsidiaries, as Roca does. From another angle, since one of Rocas major advantages is its reputation for high-quality, durable products, production subsidiaries will allow Roca to maintain control over its production processes and thence maintain the high quality of its product offerings.The factors that led Roca to choose creating production subsidiaries as its entry strategy for specific countries such as Portugal, china, India, and Poland because after considering factors such as local costs, market size, tariffs, laws and political considerations, these countries were likely the ones with conditions most amenable to foreign investment through establishment of production subsidiary facilities. These countries in particular have lower costs of production receivable to lower labor costs.For example, India has many resources and capabilities in the IT business, a high number of English speakers, and significant government support for foreign investment. Furthermore, since Roca has a large product range, it would be difficult to transport the different products from just a few central distribution centers instead of the production subsidiaries. Lastly, the nature of the salubrious furnishings industry is such that not much specialized technological know-how is necessary. There is not a lot of innovation that relates to hygienic furnishings and so there is not a lot to bar competitors from entering the market.Thus, production subsidiaries will allow Roca to begin selling in foreign markets more rapidly, thus preempting potential competitors. The most significant drawback to this rule is the high cost involved with creating or acquiring production subsidiaries. Usually, acquiring firms overpay for the assets of the acquired firm. Furthermore, there may be issues of culture clash between Roca and the newly acquired company. Acquiring firms also requires many resources and effort on the part of Roca because Roca must first identify appropriate companies to acquire. Roca Radiadores has had tremendous success in regards to entering new markets.They achieved this by pursuing a strategy which entails primary integration through a distributor and later(prenominal) switching operations to a subsidiary. These tactics were employed by Roca Radiadores in France, Portugal, the Dominican Republic, Italy, Belgium, United Kingdom, Germany, Argentin a, Poland, China and India. To fully comprehend the success of Rocas strategies we will dissect some of the big moves Roca made and found success in pursuing this strategy. The first international venture Roca take afterd was Roca France, where Roca only employed a sales subsidiary, not a distributor.It would seem frivolous to employ a distributor in France delinquent to its close proximity to Spain. However, the inclusion of the sales subsidiary was a wise tactic, enabling Roca France to isolate and accurately sterilize who their customer base was. The localized sales subsidiary was able to focus on infiltrating the market and broadening the scope of Rocas presence in the French market without diverting attention forward from Spanish operations. The sales subsidiary offered a means for Roca to exist in the French market, nothingnessing them to reduce the responsibilities of the distributor.The expansion into Portugal was the first venture which required cooperation between th e distributors who was replaced by a subsidiary. Roca Portugal evolved over a serial publication of years initial entrance involved distribution of sanitary products and later heating and cooling products. old age after observing market performance and gathering information about the Portuguese market, Roca saw an luck to expand further by purchasing a porcelain factory to produce sanitary products the purchase legion costs down for Roca and eliminated imports.As the process was redefined quality standards were reduced, but the reason for this is because the Portuguese market appeared to be insensitive to changes in quality, but adept to changes in price. Having employed a distributor provided Roca the ability to essay their success in the Portuguese market, unlike the French market where they required high quality products alike(p) to those sold in Spain. The switch to a subsidiary was facilitated through a merger with York Portugal, a company specializing in air-conditioning a nd heating systems and therefore established a new firm Roca York AR E Refrigeroca.To determine demand Roca relied on past performance of the porcelain company acquisition as well as the heating and cooling systems. The merger and the creation of the subsidiary both for sales and distribution allowed Roca to reduce costs of outsourcing responsibilities to thirdly parties, expanding Rocas scope of control over the product line and expansion process. Granted, by this point in time, Europe had removed any trade barriers and tariffs, but localizing the operation kept costs down and made Roca products highly competitive in the Portuguese market. Similar strategies were pursued in Italy and Latin America.The strategy Roca chose to pursue was tactically sound considering that they were capable of expanding both within and outside of the European continent. It was an ideal strategy for expansion because of said variables gaining information about the market, competition, capable and erudi te sales force, legal knowledge, and linguistic communication proficiency. This plan allowed Roca to easily identify who the customer base is, how to target them and what their user needs are. If Roca sought the advice of a market inquiryer, there would be high costs associated with the service.Distributors had a higher incentive to ensure that they reach the target customer they stand to gain a portion of the sales. Information attained from the distributor will serve a means to gauge if it is worthwhile to subsidize and commit to the market. Distribution methods would allow Roca to accurately gauge who is their happen upon competitor and determine how they can compete, either on price or quality. By valuing their competitors through the research provided, there will be a clearer image whether there is room for growth or if the market is saturated.Access to an experienced sales force provides knowledge as to how to engage the customers and will be knowledgeable of which channels of distribution need attention. Through observation of the distributors sales force, Roca can look out and later on replicate the methods they used when they expand to a subsidiary. The final two variables which emphasize why the tactic of entering through a distributor is ideal include fluency in the language and an all encompassing understanding of the legal structure.Language fluency is vital to success in a foreign country, especially where the language varies from the companys place of origin. The distributor would be responsible for converting any and all information into the language spoken into that area, including advertisements, websites, packaging, directions and more. Had the distributor not been in place to serve as an intermediary there would be huge costs incurred in an effort to customize informational and marketing processes.Having a reliable source to advise Roca about legal constraints will avert them from violating regulations as well as help them capitalize on all that the law has to offer to protect Roca and its products. Beyond the scope of the distributor is the responsibility of the subsidiary. A simple power transfer occurs where Roca regains control of the operation in the foreign location and reduces the role of the intermediary, the distributor. At this juncture issues with language barriers, legal issues, and customer identification have been dealt with.The subsidiary is therefore a means to solidify Rocas presence in the market and further expand their market share in this area. There are some drawbacks to this model. Consider the fact that the distributor may be unreliable. Roca had to rely on the distributor to provide accurate information about the market and the customer base. Were the distributor reluctant or unsuccessful in ascertaining this, continued involvement in the market may lead to stagnant sales and possibly a failed international expansion.Furthermore, the strategy entails a significant power budge for Roca. In this case there is a possibility that Roca loses sight of the sanctity of the Roca brand therefore hard the longevity of Roca. However, the greatest drawback can be expected from the sales force who are not compensable employees. The sales force has no incentive to be loyal to Roca, so there should be a swift transition from distributor to subsidiary to take on salaried employees who will be a bit more consciences about their performance and the success of the company.

Goodness is operational Essay Example for Free

Goodness is operational EssayAccording to Dunn and US OSHA (2004), the above sentiments should stand because, at the balance of it all, the US will have to use its funds treating the industrially injured immigrant as well. Again, failure to ascertain immigrants on OSHA policies simply because they ar not US citizens is contradictive to the principle of egalitarianism, which the US claims to have been founded upon. The OSHA 2004 promises that there be the training of all employees in marrow back backpacking industry alike, so as to assuage unmindfulness in meal packing therefore comes in handy. The proposal to have the lessening of the velocity of the moving in speed is in any case very tenable. This is because, the measure allows for the chance of mishaps to be nipped in the bud, in case of both(prenominal)(prenominal) eventuality. The gravity of the matter is seen in the circumstance that according to the OSHA 2001 Report, 21% of devastating industrial accidents argon unceasingly seen to have been revertible, should the speed of the machines have been a little slower (OSHA 2001).Mintz (2004) postulates that the importance of the matter is seen in the fact that burden packing industries are always fitted with very sharp massive cutters. It is always a essential that apart from the abating of the velocity of the speed lines, it is in any case expedient that every sum packing industry be fitted with automatic detectors and main switch that allows the disabling of the cutters and the speed lines whenever of an alert is issued or an anomaly occurs.Conversely, there are those such as Wang (2003) who point out that the lessening of the velocity of the speed lines in the meat packing factories also helps in warding off cases of over running(a) of employees. Wang (Ibid) points out that it is increasing the speed of the conveyors and speed lines that acts as an machination for the employees and the top management to realize maximum productivity witho ut having to necessarily increase the employees working hours. This proposal seems to be sympathetic to the well being of the employees.However, when the matter is closely scrutinized, one sees that the measure remains benevolent to all. The meat packing industry or company is also bound to earn a positive corporeal image as a corporate entity that factors the welfare of the employees by not overworking them. The society in point is also bound to receive products from a company that produces quality based meat products since puritanical time is taken to pack meat products. In this case, matters touching on negligence and anomalies in packing are extirpated.However, it is important to note that the utilitarian doctrine of According to Putnam and Langerman (2002), the recommendation that stronger worker compensation laws be set in place is also necessary as it will allow for the setting of penalties that are commensurate too. The setting up of stronger worker compensation as is prop osed by US OSHA and Consul Jose Cuevas will also be in instrumental in averting cases of employees being deluded by unscrupulous employers.In around the same wavelength, the entrenchment of stronger compensation laws will ensure the extirpation of cases of negligence from the side of employers as the employers will seek to avoid the high charges being exacted on the meat packing industry in the score of fines or employee compensation. The validity of this measure is promising, due to the fact that ever since the creation of Section 1910 Subpart 1 of OSHA regulations, cases of employers neglecting the engage of their employees assuaged by 55% in the first year alone (Humphrey 2005).Although the principle of Utilitarianism of the proceeds being charitable to all may seem to be antithetical against the above rationale, yet, it is important to note that seldom do companies that do not have moral and political good will attain ultimate good. up to now if a corporate expedition such as the one listed above may portend some liabilities for the meat packing industries, the fact that it has good will towards employees will reward the company with good general relations.It is against the backdrop of the above situation that Emmanuel Kant, being a utilitarian, quipped that good is that which is totally akin to the concept of goodwill- not profit. This totally supports the deontological notion that all industrial measures to safeguard the safety of the worker, if the principle of intrinsic goodness is operational. It is also true that ever since the inception of Section 1910 Subpart 303 that regulates the working standards in industrial sector there was a steep plummeting of cases of poor working standards as employers took to escape the legal dragnet by uplifting the working conditions.It can therefore be easily and rightly surmised that the entrenchment of policies that would allow the upholding of international standards in the meat packing industry will inculcat e OSHA policies and ideal working conditions. At the same time, the internationalization of meat packing safety conditions will be instrumental in ensuring a healthy competition among distinguishable meat packaging companies.